What Is HSP? Understanding Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

 

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura—often shortened to HSP—is a medical condition that most people have never heard of until it affects someone they know. Though it sounds complex, HSP is actually one of the most common forms of vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) in children.

Let’s take a closer look at what HSP is, what causes it, and how it’s treated.

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What Is HSP?

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) is a condition that causes inflammation in the small blood vessels, leading to:

• Skin rashes (purpura)

• Joint pain

• Abdominal pain

• Kidney involvement

It most often affects children between ages 3 and 15, though it can occur in adults too. The good news? Most cases resolve on their own with little or no treatment.

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What Causes HSP?

The exact cause of HSP isn’t fully understood, but it’s usually triggered by something that activates the immune system—such as:

• A recent viral or bacterial infection (especially a throat infection)

• Certain medications

• Insect bites

• Exposure to cold weather

It’s considered an autoimmune reaction, where the body’s immune system attacks its own blood vessels by mistake.

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Key Symptoms of HSP

HSP symptoms can vary, but the most common ones include:

1. Purple or red rash (purpura): Usually appears on the legs, buttocks, and arms.

2. Joint pain and swelling: Most often in the knees and ankles.

3. Abdominal pain: Can be mild or severe, sometimes with vomiting or bloody stools.

4. Kidney problems: In some cases, blood or protein may appear in the urine.

The rash is one of the most recognizable signs and may appear before or after the other symptoms.

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Is HSP Contagious?

No, HSP itself is not contagious. However, the infections that may trigger it—like a cold or strep throat—can be.

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How Is HSP Diagnosed?

There’s no single test for HSP. Diagnosis is usually based on:

• Physical examination (especially the rash)

• Medical history

• Urine tests (to check for kidney involvement)

• Blood tests (to rule out other causes)

In rare cases, a skin or kidney biopsy may be done.

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How Is HSP Treated?

Most cases of HSP resolve within a few weeks with supportive care. Treatment usually includes:

• Rest

• Pain relievers (like acetaminophen or ibuprofen)

• Steroids (for severe abdominal or kidney involvement)

Hospitalization may be needed if symptoms are severe, especially in cases with kidney complications or dehydration from vomiting.

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What’s the Outlook?

The prognosis for HSP is generally very good, especially in children. Most recover completely without long-term issues. However, regular follow-up may be needed to monitor kidney function, especially if urine tests are abnormal.

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Final Thoughts

HSP may sound intimidating, but in most cases, it’s a self-limiting condition with a full recovery. The key is recognizing the symptoms early—especially the distinctive rash—and seeking medical attention when needed.

Whether you're a parent, caregiver, or just curious, understanding HSP can help ease concerns and ensure the right care is given when it matters most.