Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting people worldwide, especially women. While it can be a scary topic, understanding the basics—symptoms, risk factors, detection, and treatment—can empower you or a loved one to make informed health choices.
Whether you're looking for general awareness or navigating your own health journey, here's what you need to know about breast cancer.
What Is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor that can often be felt as a lump or seen on imaging. Although it mostly affects women, men can get breast cancer too.
There are several types of breast cancer, including:
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Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): Non-invasive; confined to milk ducts.
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Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC): The most common type; starts in ducts and spreads.
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Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC): Begins in the milk-producing glands.
Common Signs and Symptoms
Breast cancer symptoms can vary, but some of the most common include:
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A new lump in the breast or underarm
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Swelling or thickening in part of the breast
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Dimpling or puckering of the skin
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Redness or flaky skin around the nipple
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Nipple discharge (other than breast milk)
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Change in the size or shape of the breast
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Pain in any part of the breast
Important: Some people show no symptoms at all, which is why regular screenings are so important.
Risk Factors
Some risk factors for breast cancer are out of your control, while others are lifestyle-related:
Unchangeable Factors:
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Being female
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Age (risk increases after 50)
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Family history of breast or ovarian cancer
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Genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2)
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Dense breast tissue
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Early menstruation or late menopause
Lifestyle-Related Factors:
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Lack of physical activity
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Being overweight or obese after menopause
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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
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Alcohol consumption
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Smoking
How Breast Cancer Is Diagnosed
Early detection saves lives. These are the most common methods of diagnosis:
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Mammogram: An X-ray of the breast, often the first sign of cancer.
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Ultrasound or MRI: Used for a closer look at any abnormalities.
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Biopsy: Tissue sample tested for cancer cells.
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Genetic testing: Recommended for those with a strong family history.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the type and stage of the cancer, but common options include:
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Surgery: Lumpectomy or mastectomy
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Radiation therapy
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Chemotherapy
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Hormonal therapy
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Targeted therapy
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Immunotherapy (for certain types)
Doctors may combine these treatments for the best results.
Can You Prevent Breast Cancer?
You can’t prevent breast cancer entirely, but you can lower your risk with healthy choices:
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Maintain a healthy weight
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Stay active with regular exercise
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Limit alcohol and avoid tobacco
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Eat a balanced, plant-rich diet
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Breastfeed if possible (linked to reduced risk)
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Know your family history and consider genetic counseling
When Should You Get Screened?
General guidelines (for average-risk women):
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Ages 40–44: Optional annual mammograms
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Ages 45–54: Annual mammograms recommended
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55+: Every 1–2 years, depending on health history
Those with a family history or genetic risk may need earlier and more frequent screenings. Always talk to your doctor about what’s right for you.
Living With and Beyond Breast Cancer
Thanks to advances in research, more people are surviving breast cancer than ever before. Recovery often includes emotional and physical challenges, but support groups, therapy, and survivor communities can help.
Early detection and prompt treatment offer the best chance for a full recovery.
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